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Albert Einstein


Albert Einstein; 14 March 1879 – 18 April 1955) was a German-born theoretical physicist,[7] widely acknowledged to be one of the greatest physicists of all time. Einstein is best known for developing the theory of relativity, but he also made important contributions to the development of the theory of quantum mechanics. Relativity and quantum mechanics are together the two pillars of modern physics.[3][8] His mass–energy equivalence formula E = mc2, which arises from relativity theory, has been dubbed "the world's most famous equation".[9] His work is also known for its influence on the philosophy of science.[10][11] He received the 1921 Nobel Prize in Physics "for his services to theoretical physics, and especially for his discovery of the law of the photoelectric effect",[12] a pivotal step in the development of quantum theory. His intellectual achievements and originality resulted in "Einstein" becoming synonymous with "genius".[13]

In 1905, a year sometimes described as his annus mirabilis ('miracle year'), Einstein published four groundbreaking papers.[14] These outlined the theory of the photoelectric effect, explained Brownian motion, introduced special relativity, and demonstrated mass-energy equivalence. Einstein thought that the laws of classical mechanics could no longer be reconciled with those of the electromagnetic field, which led him to develop his special theory of relativity. He then extended the theory to gravitational fields; he published a paper on general relativity in 1916, introducing his theory of gravitation. In 1917, he applied the general theory of relativity to model the structure of the universe.[15][16] He continued to deal with problems of statistical mechanics and quantum theory, which led to his explanations of particle theory and the motion of molecules. He also investigated the thermal properties of light and the quantum theory of radiation, which laid the foundation of the photon theory of light.

However, for much of the later part of his career, he worked on two ultimately unsuccessful endeavors. First, despite his great contributions to quantum mechanics, he opposed what it evolved into, objecting that nature "does not play dice".[17] Second, he attempted to devise a unified field theory by generalizing his geometric theory of gravitation to include electromagnetism. As a result, he became increasingly isolated from the mainstream of modern physics.

Einstein was born in the German Empire, but moved to Switzerland in 1895, forsaking his German citizenship (as a subject of the Kingdom of Württemberg)[note 1] the following year. In 1897, at the age of 17, he enrolled in the mathematics and physics teaching diploma program at the Swiss Federal polytechnic school in Zürich, graduating in 1900. In 1901, he acquired Swiss citizenship, which he kept for the rest of his life, and in 1903 he secured a permanent position at the Swiss Patent Office in Bern. In 1905, he was awarded a PhD by the University of Zurich. In 1914, Einstein moved to Berlin in order to join the Prussian Academy of Sciences and the Humboldt University of Berlin. In 1917, Einstein became director of the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Physics; he also became a German citizen again, this time Prussian.

In 1933, while Einstein was visiting the United States, Adolf Hitler came to power in Germany. Einstein, of Jewish origin, objected to the policies of the newly elected Nazi government;[18] he settled in the United States and became an American citizen in 1940.[19] On the eve of World War II, he endorsed a letter to President Franklin D. Roosevelt alerting him to the potential German nuclear weapons program and recommending that the US begin similar research. Einstein supported the Allies but generally denounced the idea of nuclear weapons.

Nobel Prize in Physics in 1921

Born: March 14, 1879, Ulm, Germany

Died: April 18, 1955, Princeton, New Jersey, USA

Affiliation at the time the award was awarded: Kaiser Wilhelm Institute (now Max Planck Institute) for Physics, Berlin, Germany

The motivation behind the award: "For his services in theoretical physics, and especially for his discovery of the law of the photoelectric effect."

Albert Einstein was awarded the Nobel Prize one year later, in 1922.

Prize share: 1/1

Albert Einstein


Life

Albert Einstein grew up in Munich, where his father founded an electrical engineering company. After studying at ETH University in Zurich, Einstein worked at the patent office in Bern, and during this time he produced many groundbreaking works in the field of physics. Later he was appointed to the Universities of Bern, Zurich, Prague and from 1914 in Berlin. After the Nazis seized power in Germany, Einstein emigrated to the United States, where he worked at the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, New Jersey. Albert Einstein was married twice and had three children from his first marriage.


Action

If the metal electrodes are exposed to light, electrical sparks occur between them more easily. But for this "photoelectric effect" to occur, the light waves must be above a certain frequency. According to the theory of physics, the intensity of light should be critical. In one of many studies of making ages beginning in 1905, Albert Einstein demonstrated that light is composed of quantum "beams" with constant energies corresponding to certain frequencies. One of the light quantities, the photon, must have a certain minimum frequency before it can emit an electron.

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